Understanding Anxiety and Depression in Children: Expert Insights for Today's Parents

Childhood is often viewed as a joyful and carefree period, yet many children today face the challenges of anxiety and depression. While these mental health conditions can emerge at any age, they are more frequently diagnosed in older children.

Discover valuable insights from a licensed psychologist on identifying and managing anxiety and depression in children.

At What Age Do Children Typically Show Signs of Anxiety or Depression?

Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that between 2021 and 2022, approximately 10% of children aged 3 to 17 experienced an anxiety disorder, and 4% were diagnosed with depression.

Contrary to earlier beliefs that young children could not suffer from depression, current research confirms that they do, albeit with symptoms that may differ from those in adults.

Studies also reveal a strong overlap between anxiety and depression in children, with many experiencing both simultaneously. Younger children commonly exhibit separation anxiety, while social anxiety tends to become more prevalent as they grow older.

Can Infants Experience Depression?

Although rare, infants can display signs of depression. Babies who are more withdrawn, shy, or easily distressed may be at higher risk.

Additional risk factors include exposure to stressful events, trauma, neglect, or having a parent with depression.

According to Deborah Serani’s book, “Depression and Your Child: A Guide for Parents and Caregivers,” depression affects about 4% of children aged 2 to 5, 5% of those aged 6 to 12, and 11.2% of teenagers aged 13 to 18.

Recognizing Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Children

Common depression symptoms across all ages include:

• Persistent sadness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite and sleep patterns
• Low energy levels
• Social withdrawal
• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Anxiety symptoms often encompass:

• Excessive fear or worry
• Restlessness
• Fatigue
• Irritability
• Sleep disturbances
• Difficulty concentrating
• Physical symptoms such as muscle tension

In children, additional signs may include irritability, temper tantrums, fearfulness, disinterest in play, failure to gain weight, sleep problems, social challenges, school refusal, stomachaches, and headaches.

Infants with depression or anxiety may be inconsolable and fussier than usual, while preschoolers might cry excessively when separated from caregivers. School-aged children often report stomachaches to avoid school, and teenagers may become more isolated and irritable.

Distinguishing Between Typical Childhood Behavior and Anxiety or Depression

Normal childhood emotions and behaviors differ from anxiety and depression by their intensity and persistence. Common reactions like nervousness about new experiences, brief irritability, or sadness after a move are typical and usually short-lived.

In contrast, anxiety and depressive disorders involve more severe symptoms that persist for weeks or months, significantly impacting a child's daily life.

What Factors Contribute to Anxiety and Depression in Children?

Multiple elements can influence the development of these conditions, including:

• Genetics: Family history of anxiety or depression may increase risk.
• Environment: Stressful or traumatic experiences and learned behaviors from caregivers play a role.
• Temperament: A child’s natural disposition, combined with life stressors and social support, affects susceptibility.

Preventive Measures for Caregivers

Caregivers can foster resilience by encouraging open conversations about emotions and teaching healthy coping skills. Supporting children through love and protection is vital.

Promoting healthy routines—such as consistent sleep schedules, balanced nutrition, physical activity, and daily outdoor time—benefits mental health.

Engaging in daily play and limiting screen time encourages creativity and emotional expression.

Supporting Children Experiencing Anxiety or Depression

Understanding your child’s unique personality helps tailor support effectively. Observe mood and behavior changes carefully.

Encourage your child to express feelings and reassure them of your unconditional support. Promote enjoyable activities and physical exercise, even if motivation is low.

Professional help, including therapy or medication, may be necessary. Always prioritize your own well-being to better support your child.

When to Seek Professional Help and What to Expect

Consult a healthcare or mental health professional if anxiety or depression significantly disrupts your child’s daily life, such as declining school performance, social withdrawal, or frequent conflicts.

Diagnosis typically involves interviews with both child and caregiver, and may include standardized assessments like the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) or the Screen for Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED).

Treatment often includes talk therapy, sometimes involving parents, and in certain cases, medication prescribed by a psychiatrist or pediatrician.

Additional Guidance for Caregivers

Remember, a diagnosis is not a reflection of failure for you or your child. Feelings of fear, guilt, or stigma are common but unfounded.

Anxiety and depression are common, treatable medical conditions that, with proper care, allow children to thrive and enjoy fulfilling lives.

Prioritize self-care to maintain your capacity to support your child effectively.

Dr. Akilah Reynolds is a licensed psychologist based in California, specializing in child psychology, parenting, anxiety, depression, and work-life balance.

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