Understanding the Shift from 'Asperger’s Syndrome' to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): What You Need to Know

The term “Asperger’s Syndrome” has gradually fallen out of clinical use due to its significant overlap with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previously recognized as a distinct neurodevelopmental condition, Asperger’s described individuals with mild challenges in social communication and interaction, alongside restricted or repetitive behaviors, but without notable language or cognitive delays.

Historically, Asperger’s was classified as one of five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), alongside autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Rett syndrome. These conditions shared common social and behavioral characteristics.

Today, Asperger’s is no longer an official diagnosis but remains a term some individuals embrace, often referring to themselves as “Aspies,” preferring it over newer diagnostic terminology.

Why Has Asperger’s Syndrome Been Reclassified?

The primary reason for retiring the Asperger’s diagnosis is the difficulty in reliably distinguishing it from autism spectrum disorder. Many symptoms attributed to Asperger’s closely mirror those seen in ASD, particularly what is now categorized as Level 1 ASD, which indicates a need for minimal support.

Licensed clinical social worker Dolly Ferraiuolo from Clearwater, Florida, notes, “Research revealed significant symptom overlap between Asperger’s and other autism forms, prompting the removal of the term.”

Additionally, the change was influenced by social considerations. Dr. Jessica Myszak, psychologist and director at the Help and Healing Center in Glenview, Illinois, explains, “The term’s namesake, Hans Asperger, was later found to have ties to Nazi activities during World War II, which contributed to the shift in terminology.”

Incorporating Asperger’s under the ASD umbrella has fostered greater inclusivity within the neurodiversity community and helped reduce stigma, particularly the misconception that autism is linked to low intelligence.

Lacey Cottingham, a licensed clinical social worker from Raleigh, North Carolina, adds, “Maintaining the Asperger’s label risked perpetuating divisions by associating autism with intellectual disability, which is inaccurate.”

When Did This Terminology Change Occur?

The change officially took place in 2013 with the release of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). This update eliminated the category of pervasive developmental disorders and consolidated most subtypes under the broader autism spectrum disorder classification.

The DSM-5 introduced three levels of ASD severity to indicate the extent of support needed:

• Level 3: Requiring very substantial support
• Level 2: Requiring substantial support
• Level 1: Requiring support

Notably, Rett syndrome was excluded from this grouping due to its distinct genetic basis.

What Is the Current Terminology for Asperger’s?

Under DSM-5 guidelines, individuals formerly diagnosed with Asperger’s are now classified as having Level 1 autism spectrum disorder. However, many prefer to use identity-first language, such as “autistic person,” rather than person-first language.

Dr. Myszak emphasizes, “While Asperger’s is no longer a formal diagnosis, many who were diagnosed with it identify as autistic and embrace identity-based language.”

Is the Term ‘Asperger’s’ Still Used Today?

Yes, “Asperger’s” remains in use, especially among those who received this diagnosis before 2013. Many feel a strong personal connection to the term and resist changing it.

According to Cottingham, this preference may stem less from stigma and more from the desire for precise communication, as many on the spectrum appreciate language with clear, specific meanings.

Despite this, the current ASD framework is sometimes criticized for lacking specificity, as the spectrum encompasses a broad range of experiences and severities.

Why Is Autism Called a Spectrum Disorder?

Autism is described as a spectrum because it presents differently in each individual, with varying symptoms, intensities, and challenges.

Ferraiuolo explains, “The term ‘autism spectrum’ highlights the diversity within the condition, covering social difficulties, communication challenges, and repetitive behaviors.”

Summary

In summary, “Asperger’s Syndrome” is an outdated term now encompassed within autism spectrum disorder Level 1. Its removal from diagnostic manuals was driven by overlapping symptoms with ASD and social considerations regarding its origin.

While some continue to use and identify with the term Asperger’s, it is important to recognize that it falls under the broader, more inclusive category of ASD today.

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