Key Differences Between Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

While panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) share overlapping symptoms such as excessive worry, they are fundamentally different mental health disorders. Understanding the distinctions between these conditions is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Panic Disorder Overview

Panic disorder is marked by sudden and repeated panic attacks—intense episodes of fear without an obvious trigger. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a panic attack involves a rapid onset of fear accompanied by at least four physical or psychological symptoms, including:

• Chest pain or discomfort
• Chills or hot flashes
• Excessive sweating
• Feelings of choking
• Fear of dying
• Fear of losing control or "going crazy"
• Dizziness or light-headedness
• Feelings of unreality (derealization) or detachment from oneself (depersonalization)
• Heart palpitations or accelerated heart rate
• Nausea or abdominal distress
• Numbness or tingling sensations
• Shortness of breath or smothering sensations
• Trembling or shaking

These attacks typically peak within 10 minutes but can vary in duration. Individuals with panic disorder often develop intense fear of future attacks, which can lead to behavioral changes such as avoiding certain places or situations (agoraphobia).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Overview

GAD is characterized by persistent and excessive worry about everyday life events lasting for at least six months. This uncontrollable worry interferes with daily activities and can affect work, relationships, and self-care. Physical symptoms commonly associated with GAD include:

• Chronic headaches
• Digestive problems like stomach discomfort or diarrhea
• Fatigue
• Irritability
• Muscle tension
• Restlessness
• Sleep disturbances, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep

Unlike panic disorder, GAD’s worry typically centers on real-life concerns such as finances, health, or family matters rather than sudden panic episodes.

Co-occurrence and Diagnosis

It is possible for an individual to experience both panic disorder and GAD simultaneously. Additionally, these disorders often co-occur with other mental health conditions like depression, social anxiety disorder, or substance use disorders. Some medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism, heart disease, and neurological disorders, can mimic anxiety symptoms, highlighting the importance of professional evaluation for accurate diagnosis.

Effective Treatment and Support

Both panic disorder and GAD can significantly impact quality of life, but with timely and appropriate treatment, most individuals achieve meaningful symptom relief. Early diagnosis and intervention improve outcomes. If you experience symptoms of panic disorder or GAD, consulting a healthcare provider is a crucial first step toward recovery.

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Read more:

• Conditions A-Z
• Panic Disorder
• Symptoms and Diagnosis

References:

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
2. Locke AB, Kirst N, Shultz CG. Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(9):617-624.
3. Stein MB, Craske MG. Treating anxiety in 2017: Optimizing care to improve outcomes. JAMA. 2017;318(3):235-236.

Article authored by Sheryl Ankrom, MS, LCPC, a licensed clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders.

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