Developmental Expressive Language Disorder (DELD): A Modern Guide

Introduction

Children diagnosed with developmental expressive language disorder (DELD) often face difficulties in recalling words and constructing detailed sentences. For example, a 5-year-old with DELD might communicate using short, three-word phrases. When asked questions, they may struggle to find the appropriate words to respond.

DELD primarily impacts expressive language abilities and typically does not interfere with a child’s capacity to read, listen, or produce sounds, unless accompanied by other learning challenges.

Understanding the Causes of DELD

The root causes of DELD remain largely unclear. It is generally unrelated to a child’s intelligence level. Most cases have no identifiable cause, though genetics and family history can play a role. Rarely, brain injuries or nutritional deficiencies may contribute. Conditions like autism spectrum disorder and hearing impairments can coexist with language disorders, potentially intensifying symptoms. Damage to the central nervous system may increase the risk of aphasia, a related language disorder.

Recognizing DELD Symptoms

DELD may present on its own or alongside other language difficulties. Common signs include limited vocabulary and challenges with word recall. Children might struggle to remember newly learned words, have a smaller vocabulary compared to peers, form short sentences, omit words, or misorder them. They may also confuse verb tenses, saying "I jump" instead of "I jumped."

Children with DELD often use filler sounds like "uh" and "um" as they search for words, and may repeat phrases or questions during conversations, echoing parts of questions before answering.

Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder (RELD)

If your child shows these symptoms and also has difficulty understanding spoken language, they might have receptive-expressive language disorder (RELD). This condition can affect comprehension, thought organization, and following instructions.

Tracking Developmental Milestones

While some children may experience temporary language delays and catch up later, children with DELD often develop certain language skills unevenly. Familiarity with typical language milestones can help you decide when to seek professional advice.

Healthcare providers might refer your child to speech therapists, psychologists, or child development experts. They will review family history to identify any hereditary language or speech issues.

Speech-language pathologists are specialists in evaluating and treating language expression difficulties. During assessments, your child may undergo tests for expressive language disorder and hearing evaluations to exclude hearing loss. Additional screenings may check for other learning disabilities.

Approaches to Treating Expressive Language Disorder

Therapies and Support for DELD

Speech Therapy

Language development requires children to:

• Receive information effectively
• Comprehend what they hear
• Retain and recall information

Speech therapy targets these skills by expanding vocabulary and improving communication. Therapists use techniques such as word repetition, visual aids, and customized reading materials to support language growth.

Counseling

Children facing expressive language challenges may experience frustration and social withdrawal. Counseling helps them manage these emotions and develop strategies to navigate social interactions, reducing conflicts caused by communication difficulties.

Prognosis and Recovery

Children with DELD generally have a positive outlook, especially when the disorder is not complicated by other conditions like hearing loss or brain injury. Early intervention with speech therapy enables most children to enhance their expressive abilities. Counseling further supports social adjustment and self-esteem. Prompt treatment is crucial to lessen emotional and psychological impacts.

Q:

My first child had delayed speech development and communication challenges. I’m concerned my 15-month-old daughter might face similar issues. Can anything be done to prevent this?

A:

Your concern is completely valid. Without a specific diagnosis for your first child, it’s difficult to predict if your daughter will experience similar delays. Genetics may influence DELD, but causes are often unknown. If you notice your daughter lagging in verbal or social milestones, it’s important to discuss this with her pediatrician during her 15- or 18-month checkup for a thorough evaluation.

— Dr. Steve Kim

Note: The information provided reflects expert opinions and is intended for educational purposes only. It should not replace professional medical advice.

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