Understanding the Brain's Natural Tendency to Divide People Into 'Us' and 'Them'

Our brains instinctively categorize people based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, language, religion, and economic status, dividing them into two groups: 'us' and 'them'.

How the Brain Creates 'Us' vs. 'Them'

Scientific research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revealed that our brains are wired to quickly distinguish between 'in-group' and 'out-group' members. In experiments where participants were shown faces for just 50 milliseconds (one-twentieth of a second), their brains already began sorting people into categories.

When shown faces of people from different racial backgrounds, the amygdala—a brain region linked to fear, anxiety, and aggression—became active.

Additionally, the fusiform gyrus, responsible for facial recognition, showed less activity when viewing faces from other racial groups, which explains why we often find it harder to remember faces of those outside our own group.

Emotions play a central role in this division. Our initial reaction might be, 'I’m not sure what it is, but something feels off about them,' followed by our conscious mind generating justifications or stereotypes that reinforce our dislike of the 'others.'

Manifestations of 'Us' vs. 'Them'

We tend to forgive mistakes made by members of our own group, attributing their errors to circumstances. In contrast, when someone from an 'out-group' errs, we often see it as a reflection of their inherent nature.

Different 'out-groups' can trigger varying emotional and neurological responses. Some may be perceived as threatening or untrustworthy, while others might be viewed as ridiculous and become targets of mockery.

Sometimes, 'them' can even evoke feelings of disgust. This reaction involves the insular cortex, which in mammals triggers nausea to protect against spoiled food. In humans, it also generates moral disgust. For example, hearing about immoral acts or seeing disturbing images activates this brain area, as does encountering certain marginalized groups, such as individuals struggling with addiction.

Strategies to Overcome Division

Engage in Meaningful Contact

Collaborating with people from different groups toward common goals helps reduce conflicts and fosters understanding, allowing us to see similarities rather than differences.

Find Positive Role Models and Practice Empathy

Challenge stereotypes by recalling admired individuals from other groups, such as respected public figures. Put yourself in their shoes to appreciate their challenges, which can transform your perspective.

See Individuals, Not Groups

Focus on people as unique individuals rather than generalizing entire groups.

While completely eliminating the brain’s tendency to categorize people into 'us' and 'them' may be impossible—unless the amygdala is absent—there is hope.

Remember not to generalize entire groups; instead, recognize each 'other' as a distinct person.

Keep in mind that what feels rational is often influenced by cognitive biases. Concentrate on shared goals and empathize with others to truly understand their feelings.

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