Understanding Immunocompromised Status in Cancer Survivors: Causes, Risks, and Care Strategies

In the United States, nearly 17 million individuals are living as cancer survivors, as reported by the American Cancer Society, which also predicts around 1.9 million new cancer cases in 2022.

Cancer and its treatments can impact the body in numerous ways, including compromising the immune system. However, not every cancer survivor is immunocompromised.

This article delves into the meaning of being immunocompromised, the factors that contribute to immune system weakening in cancer patients, and the associated challenges. Continue reading to gain valuable insights.

What Does Being Immunocompromised Mean?

An immunocompromised individual has a reduced ability to fight infections and diseases due to a weakened immune system.

A 2016 study analyzing a 2013 health survey estimated that approximately 2.7% of U.S. adults were immunocompromised.

While some cancer survivors experience immune suppression, this varies in severity. There is no strict classification, but neutrophil count—a measure of critical white blood cells—serves as a useful indicator.

Neutrophils play a key role in infection defense. The American Cancer Society highlights increased infection risk when neutrophil counts fall below 1,000 cells per microliter, a condition known as neutropenia, with risk escalating further below 500 cells per microliter.

Why Do Cancer Patients Become Immunocompromised?

Immunosuppression in cancer patients can result from the cancer itself, its treatments, or both.

Certain cancers directly impair immune function, including:

• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Multiple myeloma

These cancers affect bone marrow, where blood cells—including white blood cells—are produced. Cancer cells may crowd out healthy cells, reducing immune cell counts.

Common cancer treatments that weaken immunity include:

• Chemotherapy: Targets rapidly dividing cells, including healthy white blood cells, leading to immune suppression.
• Radiation therapy: Can reduce white blood cell counts, though typically impacts a limited area.
• Immunotherapy: Alters immune responses to fight cancer but may increase infection risk.
• Stem cell transplants: Involve high-dose chemotherapy or radiation to eradicate cancer cells, also depleting healthy immune cells temporarily.
• Surgery: Physical stress from surgery can weaken immunity; removal of organs like the spleen directly affects immune function.

Challenges and Risks for Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems face heightened vulnerability to infections caused by:

• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Parasites

Infections in immunocompromised individuals tend to be more severe due to impaired immune responses.

Effective Strategies to Manage Immunocompromised Status

To mitigate infection risks, consider these precautions:

• Avoid contact with sick individuals until they recover.
• Practice frequent handwashing with soap and water.
• Disinfect commonly touched surfaces regularly.
• Wear well-fitted masks in public to guard against respiratory infections like COVID-19 and influenza.
• Steer clear of crowded or poorly ventilated spaces.
• Stay current with vaccinations as advised by healthcare providers.
• Thoroughly wash fresh produce before consumption.
• Cook foods to safe internal temperatures.
• Avoid raw or unpasteurized foods.
• Exercise caution with sharp objects and promptly treat any cuts.
• Handle pet cleanup carefully or seek assistance.

Consult your healthcare team for personalized recommendations tailored to your condition.

Recognizing Infection Symptoms

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Fever
• Chills
• Cough
• Headache
• Skin rash
• Localized pain, redness, or swelling

Can Immune Function Improve After Cancer?

While a weakened immune system can be distressing, several measures can help restore and enhance immunity post-cancer.

Nutritious Diet

Maintaining a balanced diet supports immune health. The CDC recommends emphasizing:

• Fresh fruits and vegetables
• Whole grains
• Lean proteins such as poultry, seafood, nuts, and seeds
• Low-fat or fat-free dairy products

Limiting intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, salt, and added sugars is also advised.

Regular Physical Activity

Moderate exercise enhances immune function and reduces illness risk, according to a 2020 review. Collaborate with your healthcare provider to develop a suitable exercise plan.

Quality Sleep

Good sleep supports immunity. Strategies include:

• Consistent sleep and wake times
• Relaxing bedtime routines
• Limiting caffeine and alcohol before bed
• Ensuring a dark, quiet, and comfortable sleeping environment

Stress Reduction

Lowering stress can prevent immune dysregulation. Consider activities like:

• Spending time with loved ones
• Pursuing hobbies
• Practicing yoga or meditation
• Listening to soothing music

Limiting Alcohol Consumption

Heavy alcohol use impairs immunity. The American Cancer Society advises cancer survivors to avoid alcohol or consume it minimally.

Smoking Cessation

Smoking damages immune defenses. Work with your doctor to quit smoking effectively.

Common Questions About Cancer Survivors and Immunity

Are people with chronic conditions considered immunocompromised?

Sometimes. Chronic conditions that may cause immunosuppression include diabetes, autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, HIV infection, chronic kidney disease, and inherited immunodeficiency disorders.

Will my immune system remain weakened permanently after cancer?

Not necessarily. Immune recovery can be gradual and may take longer than expected. A 2016 study showed that some immune cells remained low up to 9 months after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

Are cancer survivors at higher risk of severe COVID-19?

Yes. Research from 2021 indicates that cancer survivors, especially those with active cancer, have increased risks of hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19.

Is it safe for cancer survivors to get COVID-19 vaccines or boosters?

Yes, COVID-19 vaccines and boosters are safe for cancer survivors. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends vaccination as soon as possible. The FDA has also approved Evusheld for immunocompromised adults who may not respond fully to vaccines.

Can cancer survivors safely receive live vaccines?

Generally, yes, but timing is important. Survivors may need to wait 3 to 6 months post-treatment before receiving live vaccines due to potential risks. Doctors will evaluate immune status before administration.

In Summary

Some cancer survivors experience immunocompromised states, leading to diminished infection defense. This increases susceptibility to infections and severity of illnesses. Taking proactive steps to reduce infection risks and boost immunity is essential.

Immune function may gradually improve over time after cancer treatment. Meanwhile, adopting healthy lifestyle habits and following medical guidance can support recovery and overall well-being.

Discover the latest news and current events in Sexual Wellness as of 14-10-2022. The article titled " Understanding Immunocompromised Status in Cancer Survivors: Causes, Risks, and Care Strategies " provides you with the most relevant and reliable information in the Sexual Wellness field. Each news piece is thoroughly analyzed to deliver valuable insights to our readers.

The information in " Understanding Immunocompromised Status in Cancer Survivors: Causes, Risks, and Care Strategies " helps you make better-informed decisions within the Sexual Wellness category. Our news articles are continuously updated and adhere to journalistic standards.