Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Causes, Risk Factors, and 2025 Insights

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) arises from genetic changes in white blood cells, specifically lymphocytes, leading to uncontrolled growth. While the precise triggers for these DNA mutations remain unclear, factors like immune system weaknesses and chemical exposures may elevate the risk.

NHL is a blood cancer that can originate anywhere within the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. There are more than 60 NHL subtypes, varying from slow-progressing to highly aggressive forms.

Although NHL predominantly affects older adults, children are also susceptible. Researchers continue to investigate potential causes and risk factors to better understand this disease.

What triggers non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

The disease results from mutations in DNA that transform normal lymphocytes into cancerous lymphoma cells, which then multiply unchecked. Most genetic changes linked to NHL are acquired during life rather than inherited, possibly due to factors such as radiation, chemical exposure, or infections. These mutations tend to accumulate with age.

Key risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Several elements can increase the likelihood of developing NHL, though having these risk factors does not guarantee the disease, nor does their absence ensure protection.

Compromised immune system

Since lymphocytes are immune cells, conditions that weaken immunity can raise NHL risk. This includes inherited immune deficiencies, use of immunosuppressive drugs, organ transplants, and infections like HIV.

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, celiac disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involve chronic immune activation and inflammation, which may contribute to NHL development. Treatments that suppress the immune system may also play a role. In particular, celiac disease significantly increases NHL risk due to immune responses triggered by gluten.

Chronic infections

Persistent infections can stimulate continuous lymphocyte production, increasing mutation chances. Notable infections linked to NHL include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori, HIV, HTLV-1, human herpesvirus 8, hepatitis C, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Campylobacter jejuni.

Past cancer therapies

Chemotherapy and radiation for previous cancers may elevate NHL risk later, although it is unclear whether this is due to treatment or the initial cancer.

Breast implants

Rarely, NHL can develop around breast implants as breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), a rare T-cell lymphoma.

Obesity

Excess body weight has been associated with a higher risk of NHL and other cancers.

Who is most at risk for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

NHL is more prevalent among individuals over 65 years old, males, white populations, and people living in urban environments.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can exposure to chemicals cause non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Research indicates that exposure to chemicals like benzene, commonly found in plastics and synthetic rubber production, may increase NHL risk. Some pesticides used in agriculture, such as glyphosate and organophosphorus compounds, have also been linked, though evidence remains inconclusive and further studies are needed.

Is non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma hereditary?

While a family history of NHL might slightly raise risk, experts generally agree that NHL is not directly inherited.

Can non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma be prevented?

Prevention is challenging since many cases arise without known risk factors. However, minimizing chemical exposures, preventing infections like HIV and H. pylori, maintaining a healthy weight, and following a balanced diet may help reduce risk.

Summary

Though the exact cause of NHL remains unknown, it is linked to factors that disrupt or overstimulate the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and immunosuppressive treatments. Many individuals diagnosed with NHL do not exhibit clear risk factors, underscoring the complexity of this disease.

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