Multiple Sclerosis and Influenza: Understanding Risks and Effective Prevention Strategies

Contracting influenza can elevate the likelihood of relapse in individuals living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Implementing preventive measures, such as receiving the flu vaccine and minimizing exposure to crowded places during flu season, can significantly reduce this risk.

Influenza poses a heightened threat to those managing MS due to the potential for increased complications.

Infections like the flu might trigger MS relapses, but it’s crucial to select a flu vaccine compatible with your current treatment regimen.

Continue reading to understand the relationship between influenza and MS relapse and discover ways to safeguard your health.

What are the risks of influenza for people with MS?

Individuals with chronic illnesses, including MS, generally face a higher susceptibility to contracting influenza and experiencing severe symptoms or complications.

Moreover, certain MS therapies can suppress immune function, increasing vulnerability to infections and serious flu-related complications.

A weakened immune system may struggle to combat infections effectively, leading to more severe illness courses.

Can influenza trigger MS relapse?

Respiratory infections such as influenza and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) have been associated with an increased chance of MS relapses and pseudo-relapses, though further research is necessary.

Animal studies indicate that respiratory viruses may facilitate immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system, potentially initiating an MS relapse.

A 2017 experiment showed that 29% of mice genetically predisposed to autoimmune disease developed relapse symptoms within two weeks following influenza A infection.

Researchers observed heightened immune activity in the central nervous system post-infection, suggesting viral triggers may exacerbate MS.

Conversely, a 2023 human study found no significant correlation between infections and MS relapse in patients undergoing disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).

Research from 2022 highlights that upper respiratory and urinary tract infections can cause pseudo-relapses—episodes mimicking relapse symptoms without new inflammation.

Should individuals with MS receive the flu vaccine?

The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) emphasizes vaccination as a vital component of MS care, recommending annual flu vaccines for those with MS.

Flu vaccine timing and type should be discussed with healthcare providers, considering your MS medications and overall health.

The AAN advises against live vaccines, such as the nasal spray flu vaccine, especially for patients on certain DMTs.

In cases of severe relapse, vaccination should be postponed until symptoms subside, which may take several weeks.

For those initiating or switching immunosuppressive treatments, vaccination is recommended 4 to 6 weeks prior to starting therapy.

Keep in mind that vaccine effectiveness may be reduced in individuals taking immune-modulating medications.

Which flu vaccine is recommended for people with MS?

The AAN recommends non-live influenza vaccines for MS patients. These vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or viral proteins.

• Non-live vaccines: Include inactivated virus or viral components.
• Live vaccines: Contain weakened forms of the virus and are not recommended for MS patients.

Currently available flu shots are non-live and generally safe for people with MS.

The nasal spray flu vaccine is live and should be avoided, particularly by those on immunosuppressive MS treatments.

How to minimize the risk of catching colds and flu?

Besides vaccination, adopting preventive habits can lower your chance of contracting influenza and other viral infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends:

• Avoid close contact with individuals who are ill.
• Stay home when experiencing sickness symptoms.
• Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use alcohol-based sanitizers.
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Regularly disinfect frequently touched surfaces like doorknobs.
• Enhance indoor air quality or meet outdoors where viral particles disperse more easily.

Managing the flu when you have MS

If you suspect you have influenza, promptly consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

The CDC advises that individuals at higher risk for severe flu complications, including those with MS, receive antiviral treatment.

Antiviral medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset but may still provide benefits if initiated later.

Additional supportive care includes:

• Increasing fluid intake with water, broth, and herbal teas.
• Consuming balanced, nutritious meals.
• Ensuring ample rest.
• Taking precautions to prevent spreading the illness to others.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Do MS symptoms worsen when you are sick?

Symptoms of MS may return or intensify during illness. If no new inflammatory activity is present, this is termed a pseudo-relapse. Illness, however, can also provoke a true relapse or exacerbation.

Is influenza more severe for people with MS?

Contracting influenza while living with MS may increase the risk of severe illness or complications, particularly for those on immunosuppressive medications.

Does MS increase susceptibility to infections?

MS, especially when treated with immune-modulating therapies, can raise the risk of infections by impairing the body's immune response.

Key Takeaway

Annual flu vaccination is critical for individuals with MS. Collaborate with your healthcare provider to determine the optimal timing and type of vaccine based on your treatment plan.

Influenza can lead to serious health issues and elevate relapse risk in MS patients. If flu symptoms develop, seek medical advice promptly to explore treatment options.

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